Lon and Ell headed 1,343 miles west to Kansas which offered work on railroads, ranches, stores, and farms. Railroad building on the great plains, 1875. Artist: Alfred R. Waud. Harper’s Weekly, v.19, no. 968 (July 17, 1875), p. 577. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: 2003663113.Cattle on Massachusetts Street, in Lawrence, Kansas (121 miles east of Abilene). Alexander Gardner, photographer, c. 1867. Library of Congress: 2006676202.
This is an excerpt from Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, Chapter Nineteen, “College and Financial Difficulties Emma and the Austins, 1872–1878,” pp. 237–243.
It continued to be difficult to make money in Eldred. Henry needed his sons’ help with farming, his only source of income. But sons Ell and Lon (ages twenty-three and twenty-one) didn’t like working for their father.
Around 1878 Ell and Lon headed 1,343 miles west to Kansas, which offered work on railroads, ranches, stores, and farms.
Lon and Ell worked some in Solomon City (now Solomon), Kansas. When the townsfolk objected to the whole street being taken up by cattle during the cattle drive, Abilene, Kansas, ten miles to the east, became the major shipping center for cattle and produce.
(In 1871 James Butler Hickok, the Austins’ fifth cousin had been marshal in Abilene. James B., “Wild Bill” as he was known, had died in the Dakota Territory, in 1876. It is doubtful the Austin brothers even knew they were related.)
Sunday afternoon travelers rest on West Point Road, a dirt road through a mountainous region with a distant view of a river or lake. Artist: Eglau; Publisher: Kaufmann, c.1873. Chromolithograph; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: 01727.
Hannah Hickok Eldred, her husband James, daughter Mary Ann, age three, and stepdaughter Phebe Maria, age fifteen, lived in a new two-story home.
Built in 1830, the house sat next to the old sawmill, a few hundred feet east of the main road.
Halfway Brook (further east) flowed four miles south to the Delaware River. The northwest corner of their property will eventually become part of Halfway Brook Village, and much later the village of Eldred.
In October 1831 James Eldred became the Postmaster for Lumberland. For the next twenty years one room in the Eldred home was set aside for the Lumberland Post Office. James also held positions as Lumberland’s Inspector of Schools and Town Clerk.
Lumberland Occupations
Lumberland was slowly entering the nineteenth century. The community’s economy continued to be connected with lumbering. But now jobs were available with the Delaware and Hudson (D&H) Canal, which had been designed by Benjamin Wright, the chief engineer of the Erie Canal.
Starting in 1828 the D&H Canal transported anthracite coal on mule-pulled barges, from the mountains of Honesdale, Pennsylvania, to Rondout (near Kingston), New York, on the Hudson River. Passengers could travel the 108-mile, man-made waterway.
Seventeen miles of the D&H Canal followed the Delaware River at Lumberland’s southwest border. The D&H Canal operated stores, an office, and a dry dock, in Barryville. The developing hamlet soon boasted a blacksmith shop, a gristmill, a broom handle factory, and a business which would grind feed or saw lumber for customers.
Travel in and to Lumberland
Traveling in Lumberland was difficult whether walking, riding a horse, or traveling by coach. A ferry was still the only way to cross the Delaware River from Barryville to Shohola, Pennsylvania.
There were two ways to reach Lumberland from New York City. Both involved sailing north on the Hudson River. Continue reading →
Joseph Cinquez, the brave Congolese Chief, who prefers death to slavery, and who now lies in jail. Lithographer: Moses Yale Beach. Published in the New York Sun, August 31, 1839. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: 2003690782. In August 1839 a group of freeborn Africans, victims in double illegal circumstances, made headlines in the United States.
Earlier in the year the West Africans had been taken captive by fellow Africans and forced to make the trek to the infamous Slave citadel Lomboko, on the West African coast. They were compelled to board the Slave ship Tecora to take the nightmarish Middle Passage to Cuba, a Spanish Colony.
In Cuba, knowing it was illegal, slave traders Ruiz and Montez purchased the fifty-four surviving captive Africans. (Illegal since 1820, selling Africans continued because Spanish authorities received ten dollars for each person sold into slavery.) Ruiz and Montez forced the group to board la Amistad, at the Havana Port. From there they were to be transported to another Cuban port to become Slaves on a plantation.
But on July 2, 1839 the Captives, led by Joseph Cinque* (a kidnapped rice farmer of the Mende people), escaped their shackles, killed the Captain and the cook, and seized control of la Amistad. The freed Africans pressured Ruiz and Montez to sail the schooner to Africa, which the slave traders did during the day. But at night they guided the two-masted vessel towards the American coast.
In late August 1839 the Amistad arrived on the east side of Long Island, New York. The ship was captured. Those on board were taken captive to Connecticut because that state had not yet freed Slaves.
The Amistad Case
On board la Amistad were forty-five Africans (including three girls and one boy) and the two Spanish slave traders. Ruiz and Montez claimed the Africans were their Slaves, and accused them of piracy and murder.
Abolitionists (including Arthur Tappan and his brother Lewis) became involved and made major efforts to raise funds. Roger Sherman Baldwin (grandson of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence) helped to defend the group in court against the American President Martin Van Buren, the Spanish government, and Ruiz and Montez.
The Africans were imprisoned in New Haven for eighteen months—the time it took for three court cases.
It is possible that at least Julia Smith attended the first two court cases. Julia wrote that she and her sisters visited the Amistad Africans in New Haven, and later in Farmington. Continue reading →
This is one of several poems regarding slavery written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807–1882. The woodcut of Longfellow was part of a news article in Mary Ann Eldred Austin’s Scrapbook.—Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, p. 135.
Loud he sang the psalm of David!
He, a Negro and enslaved,
Sang of Israel’s victory,
Sang of Zion, bright and free.
In that hour, when night is calmest,
Sang he from the Hebrew Psalmist,
In a voice so sweet and clear
That I could not choose but hear,
Songs of triumph, and ascriptions,
Such as reached the swart Egyptians,
When upon the Red Sea coast
Perished Pharaoh and his host.
And the voice of his devotion
Filled my soul with strange emotion;
For its tones by turns were glad,
Sweetly solemn, wildly sad.
Paul and Silas, in their prison,
Sang of Christ, the Lord arisen.
And an earthquake’s arm of might
Broke their dungeon-gates at night.
But, alas! what holy angel
Brings the Slave this glad evangel?
And what earthquake’s arm of might
Breaks his dungeon-gates at night?
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, by Mary Prince.
Hannah Smith and her daughters were very much involved in the Abolition movement which fought to free slaves. It was a very challenging chapter to write because of the horrors and many injustices involved with people who had been enslaved.
This is the first of several sidebar posts from “Chapter Ten: The Heinous Sin, the Smiths and the Abolitionists, 1830s.”
I have been a Slave myself…The man that says Slaves be quite happy in slavery—that they don’t want to be free—that man is either ignorant or a lying person. I never heard a Slave say so.
I never heard a Buckra (White) man say so, till I heard tell of it in England…The great God above alone knows the thoughts of the poor Slave’s heart, and the bitter pains which follow such separations…—Mary Prince, The History of Mary Prince.
There was a very concerted effort in Great Britain to free Slaves. The story is well told in Simon Schama’s, Rough Crossings. British heroes include the incredible John Clarkson.
On May 15, 1830 English members of the Anti-Slavery Society (including Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, brother of John) held a convention requesting slavery be abolished in the British Empire as early as possible.
Using pamphlets, handbills, and posters, English Anti-Slavery societies increased from 200 to 1,300. Petitions with hundreds of thousands of signatures flooded Westminster. Three hundred fifty thousand women signed one of the more than five thousand petitions to end slavery, which were then sent to Parliament.
In 1831 The History of Mary Prince was published. Mary Prince’s first person account told of the many trials she endured as a Slave growing up in Bermuda and is thought to have encouraged the freeing of Slaves in the British West Indies.
In August 1833 King William IV signed the West India Emancipation Act. The act was to take effect in 1840, to give the economies of the West Indies time to adjust to the change. The law used a two-step approach to free 800,000 Africans from their British slave owners. Great Britain was to pay slave owners £20 million to free the West India Slaves. Continue reading →
Marquis de Lafayette, lithograph, Albrier and Senefelder, published 1820. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: pga 04247.
In 1824, more than half a century ago, the marquis Gilbert Motier de Lafayette, for the Fourth Time, visited the United States. His arrival was hailed with universal joy throughout the land; and he passed through the twenty-four States of the Union in a round of civic and martial triumphs, unequaled in magnificence and splendor. During that visit, it was my good fortune to become acquainted with him, and to witness some of the most splendid displays on that occasion…—Amos Parker, Recollections of Lafayette, p. 9.
In August 1824 the very popular Revolutionary War Hero of two continents, Marquis de Lafayette, age sixty-six, began his fourth and last tour of the United States.
At eleven o’clock the morning of September fourth, General Lafayette arrived at Hartford, Connecticut. A street full of militia and many others, including the Smiths, welcomed him.
Julia Smith had never seen so many people. She and her family waited while Lafayette ate lunch in the house on the opposite side of the street. Around one o’clock the Smiths went to the courthouse where they “were presented to the Marquis who took us by the hand.”
As Lafayette took her hand, Julia said in French, “We are pleased to see you Monsieur le Marquis. Lafayette replied in French, thanking her. “Monsieur le Marquis left Hartford for New York in a steamboat,” Julia wrote in French in her journal.
In New York Lafayette visited Mrs. Willard’s Troy Female Seminary. “The General was much moved” and requested three copies (one for each of his daughters) of the welcome song the young ladies of the Troy Female Seminary had sung.
Bufford’s sleighing cards no. 432, c. 1878. Library of Congress: 05549.
Halfway Brook Friends,
I hope everyone is staying well and warm with all the snow, ice, and cold this winter. It was 30 degrees here in Cave Creek, AZ when I got up this morning. A bit cold for this time of year here, but nothing like what other parts of the country are facing.
I am disappointed to report that the latest proof copy of Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann did not come close to being approved. We are currently looking into a new printer, in hopes that will work. I’ll update you when I have news of the imminent availability of Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann.
Meanwhile, I hope to post some more excerpts or images from Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, though not in chronological order.
I collected a number of sleighing images for Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann. I thought Halfway Brook readers might enjoy this one which was not used. (Click on it twice to get the full size.)
Cover of Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, created by Gary Smith. (Click to enlarge the cover.)
I have ordered a second hard copy proof of Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, and am hopeful that I can make it available at that time. (The time it takes to ship have increased, so it may be at least two weeks away. The interior is in the best color printing available, and of course the costs have risen, so the book will be more costly than I hoped.)
Table of Contents Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann (There are also 150 sidebars listed in the book, Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann.)
Northeast United States Map
1848 Connecticut Map
1868 Southbury, Connecticut Map
1855 Glastenbury, Connecticut Map
1854 Towns of Lumberland and Highland, New York Map
Selected Descendants of William and Elizabeth Hitchcock
1600–1930 Timeline
Chapter 1: The First Four Hickok Ancestors
William, Joseph, Benjamin, Justus, 1635–1770
Chapter 2: Shillings, Scholars, Linen, and Pecks
David Hickok’s Journals, 1769–1775
Chapter 3: Ticonderoga and Crown Point
The Hickoks and the Revolutionary War, 1775–1783
Chapter 4: Books, Conversations, and Chocolate
Hannah’s Journal, 1784–1786
Chapter 5: Farewell to South Britain
The Hickok First Cousins, 1790–1800
Chapter 6: Reading, Writing, and Responsibilities
Five Smith Daughters, 1800-1816
Chapter 7: Rugged Wilderness Living
Hannah Hickok in Lumberland, 1812–1818
Chapter 8: Caring, Visiting, and Teaching
The Smiths, 1817–1824
Chapter 9: Hannah Marries James
Lumberland, New York, 1825–1827
Chapter 10: The Heinous Sin
The Smiths and the Abolitionists, 1830s Continue reading →
Postcard of early Barryville, the village which grew up where Halfway Brook entered the Delaware River. Shohola, Pennsylvania was on the opposite side. The Hickok Family lived two miles north of Barryville. We leave the Smiths in Glastenbury in 1825 to visit the younger Hannah Hickok, her brother Justus Hickok, and the Eldred Family who live in Lumberland, New York. Hannah’s life is about to have a major change.
Daily work in Lumberland, whether on the farm, inside the house, or lumbering, continued to be challenging. Obtaining food and necessities of life was still difficult and time consuming. Unlike the Smiths who were just seven miles from the major city of Hartford, the Hickoks and Eldreds had to travel quite a distance.
The 120-mile-round trip to Newburgh, New York, on the Hudson River, took a week. It was only nineteen miles to Port Jervis, New York, to purchase grains ground into flour and dry goods. But the route, which overlooked the Delaware River, included the Hawk’s Nest, a winding, sometimes treacherous path, carved out of the mountainside. Travel was easiest in the winter when the Delaware River was frozen.
Hickoks in Pennsylvania
In 1825 only Hannah Hickok and her brother Justus Hickok and his family remained in Lumberland, New York. Their parents Asa and Esther Hinman Hickok, and siblings Louisa and Reuben Hickok had relocated to Warren Township, Bradford County.
In 1854 Abby and Laurilla Smith first visit Louisa and Reuben Hickok, in Pennsylvania, before spending time with Hannah and Justus, in New York.
James Eldred, Widower
Such sadness in the James Eldred Family. From 1820 to 1823 three daughters (two had been born in Lumberland) of James and Polly Eldred died. Then in January of 1825 Polly Mulford Eldred died, at age thirty-seven. James was now a widower with four children, ages nine to nineteen, living at home.
James Eldred continued working in the local Lumberland government as Town Clerk, Commissioner of Highways, and Town Marshall. James owned almost 685 acres. The northwest corner of one parcel was the location of the future Halfway Brook Village, later renamed Eldred.
Hannah Hickok, her brother Justus and his wife Mary Wells continued to attend the rural church often held at the Eldred home where James was the Bible teacher.
Hannah Marries James
In February 1826 Hannah Hickok married James Eldred. She now had the care of the two youngest children: Eliza, who married the following year, and Phebe Maria, age ten. The family still lived in the old log cabin by the sawmill, near Halfway Brook.
Mary Ann Eldred
In December 1827 Mary Ann Eldred, my great-grandmother was born. (The Smith sisters and Mary Ann Eldred were second cousins.)
I’m excited to say I am on the final edit of a black and white hard copy of Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann. The maps, timeline, trees, sidebars, text, Endnotes, Bibliography, Acknowledgments, Index, and About the Author are complete.
The cover is in the final stages. The book interior will be in color. There are still some steps before the book is printed, but, after seven years, it’s encouraging to be getting so close.
