Flax

Old flax wheel from Plymouth, traced back 200 years, wood engraving by F.S. Church, Harper's Weekly, 1876 July 15, p. 585. Loc 2004682097
Flax wheel, 200 years old when published in “Harper’s Weekly,” 1876. Engraver: F.S. Church. Library of Congress: 2004682097.

Hemp and flax were two major crops in early New England. The age old lengthy, labor-intensive procedure of processing the flaxen or blond-colored fibers of flax plants into linen thread, was still used in the 1770s by David Hickok, a descendant of William and Elizabeth Hitchcock.

Rippling, Retting, Dressing
• Flax is harvested about a hundred days after it is planted. The three- to four-foot tall plant is pulled up from the roots to get the longest fibers. The stalks are drawn through the teeth of a rippling comb or threshed with a flax flail to remove the seeds.

• The stems are retted (or rotted) in water or in a field (using 
the dew) to release the soft fibers. When dry, the three-step 
process: breaking, scutching, and heckling, separates the fiber from the straw-like stalks.

• A wooden brake breaks the woody core into short sections, loosening the flax fibers. A wooden scutching knife or paddle is used to scrape the remaining fibers from the outer stalk.

• The separated fibers are drawn a number of times through different size heckles or heckling combs. The rows of different size iron tines on the “combs” remove the remaining pulp and the shorter coarser strands of fiber, called tow.

• The fibers are sorted according to fineness. The longer fibers (up to three feet) can be spun into linen thread, used to bind books, make shoes, or for twine. The tow can be used for rougher linen yarns or rope.

Linen Thread
To make linen thread, the longer, fine flax fibers were wrapped around the distaff—a long vertical pole attached to a spinning wheel. The spinner then spun “a long, even thread from the mass of fiber” and wound it onto bobbins or spools.

“When the bobbins were full,” the spinner wound “the thread off on a reel into knots and skeins…” It was a good day’s work to spin two skeins of twenty knots each, every knot having forty threads.”—Buel, The Tale of the Spinning Wheel, 35–37.

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Farmington Stories

Autumn scene on a farm, near Farmington, Connecticut. James McDougal Hart, Boston: L. Prang & Co., Farmington, 1870; Chromolithograph; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: cph 3g05804.
Autumn scene on a farm, near Farmington, Connecticut. James McDougal Hart, Boston: L. Prang & Co., Farmington, 1870; Chromolithograph; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: cph 3g05804.

Samuel and Joseph Hicox/Hickok, the two sons of William and Elizabeth Hitchcock, grew up in Farmington. Each of the brothers was married with children when they left Farmington for the new plantation Mattatuck (later called Waterbury), Connecticut, sometime around 1680.

Flaunting Luxurious Habits
The fine material woven by Farmington’s skilled weavers gave townsfolk the opportunity of being on the best dressed list. Farmington folks were not concerned that their fine silk clothing was considered luxurious or gaudy by some Puritans. But Massachusetts Puritans saw things differently.

In 1667 a man from Farmington moved to Massachusetts “carrying thither the luxurious habits of his native village.” The man and “divers persons” were taken to Court for not only “wearing of silk” but wearing it “in a flaunting manner” and “for long hair and other extravagances.”

The Court said this was “contrary to honest and sober order and demeanor, not becoming a wilderness state.” His clothing was not appropriate for the “profession of Christianity and religion.” The Court fined him two shillings and six pence.—Julius Gay, “Farmington Papers,” pp. 160–1.

Mr. Sinner
In the early years anyone who was discovered working, 
traveling, hunting, or frequenting an inn on the Sabbath could be prosecuted and fined. Farmington seems to have been especially conscientious about what even those traveling through could do on the Sabbath.

One Mr. North, known as Sinner North, “did not take kindly to Puritan ways and never went to church.” The children called him Mr. Sinner, which he did not mind, because they were respectful. Mr. North lived in Farmington sometime after Joseph and Samuel Hickok had left for Mattatuck or Waterbury as it came to be called.—from Julius Gay, “Farmington Papers,” p. 109.

Farmington Towns
Farmington was later enlarged and eight new towns taken out, including Burlington and New Britain, where the family of Asa Hickok lived, in the early 1800s, before they moved to Lumberland.

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1650 Grist Mill

The 1650 Grist Mill waterwheel on Mill Brook, in New London, Connecticut. Historic American Buildings Survey, after 1933. Library of Congress: 024588.
The 1650 Grist Mill waterwheel on Mill Brook, in New London, Connecticut. Historic American Buildings Survey, after 1933. Library of Congress: 024588.

Gristmills and sawmills were necessary for establishing 
towns.

In 1650 New London, Connecticut (fifty miles southeast of 
Farmington), John Elderkin built a gristmill for Gov. John 
Winthrop Jr.

Farmington’s John Bronson is thought to have built a sawmill and later sold it to Deacon Stephen Hart, 
before 1650. At some point Farmington also had a gristmill.”
—from Julius Gay, Farmington Papers, p. 271; and David N. Camp, History of New Britain, with Sketches of Farmington and Berlin, Connecticut, 1640–1889, p. 20.

“The main New London waterwheel was rebuilt in 1892; and rebuilt from the hub out in 1930. The original oak frame, with the exception of a few rafters and plate in the upper part of the roof (as of 1930) had not been replaced.”—Library of Congress, from Frances Manwaring Caulkins, History of New London, 1612–1680.

Gears in the Old Town Grist Mill.  Historic American Buildings Survey, after 1933. Library of Congress: 304777.
Gears in the Old Town Grist Mill. Historic American Buildings Survey, after 1933. Library of Congress: 304777.
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Connecticut to Lumberland

Welcome to Lumberland. Photo: Gary Smith.
Welcome to Lumberland. Photo: Gary Smith.

I hope my Halfway Brook friends will find the new series of posts (which start in 1600s Connecticut) of interest. There is a connection to Lumberland. Around 1800 Connecticut descendants were running out of property. New York (including Lumberland) was one of the areas they moved to.

My Leavenworth, Hickok, and Austin ancestors, originally from Connecticut, arrived in Lumberland in the years 1812–1839. In 1854 Abby and Laurilla Smith (second Hickok cousins to Mary Ann Eldred Austin) visited Mary Ann, her parents James and Hannah Hickok Eldred, and her uncle Justus Hickok.

Quotes from The Mill on Halfway Brook:

    In the early 1800s, land cost two dollars an acre; sometimes less. Water power was free and sawmills were cheap to build. Credit was available and creditors would wait to be paid until the timber had been rafted to market and sold.

    Men from the nearby states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, as well as other New York counties, purchased large parcels at the low prices, and built sawmills on various streams, including Halfway Brook.—p. 4.

    North of The River [Barryville] settlement, some 16 miles, was Bethel [originally in Lumberland], where some of its first settlers set up homesteads in 1798.

    In 1807, around 30 to 40 families, many from Orange County, New York, or Connecticut, arrived in Bethel by way of the Sackett Road or the Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike.—p. 10.

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Farmington, Connecticut

View from the north porch of Pope-Riddle house (35 Mountain Road, Farmington) top of a hill over-looking the village of Farmington, the Farmington Valley, and the Talcott Mountain Range. Historic American Buildings Survey, 1933. Library of Congress: ct0689.
View from the north porch of Pope-Riddle house (35 Mountain Road, Farmington) top of a hill over-looking the village of Farmington, the Farmington Valley, and the Talcott Mountain Range. Historic American Buildings Survey, 1933. Library of Congress: ct0689.

William Hitchcock, his wife Elizabeth and baby Samuel arrived on the Tunxis Plantation, in Connecticut before 1645, when the name was changed to Farmington.

William built their home, on his home lot, in the middle of Main Street. The young family had a view of mountains on the east. On the west, the Tunxis or Farmington River brimmed with salmon and shad (a fish in the herring family).

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Sadd Colors

Mezzotint of a Puritan husband and wife walking through snow on their way to Meeting. He carries a rifle, she a Bible. Engraver: Thomas Gold Appleton; Artist: George Henry Boughton; 1884, c1885 March 31. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: 00038.
Mezzotint of a Puritan husband and wife walking through snow on their way to Meeting. He carries a rifle, she a Bible. Engraver: Thomas Gold Appleton; Artist: George Henry Boughton; 1884, c.1885 March 31. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division: 00038.

“Steeple hats and ‘sadd colors’ were typical of Puritan dress ways. Both men and women in New England did actually wear the broad-brimmed steeple hats of legend, historical revisionists notwithstanding.”

“A list of these ‘sadd colors’ in 1638 included ‘liver color, de Boys, tawny, russet, purple, French green, ginger lyne, deer colour, orange.'” Also, puce, 
Lincoln green, and philly mort (the color of a dead leaf).

Black “was reserved for the ruling elders and the governing elite.”

The above information: David H. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, pp. 140, 142.

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Your 1600’s Atlantic Adventure

Philip D. Burden’s, The Mapping of North America, 1996, p.165. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division: 2005632133.
America, A. DiArnoldi & M. Florimi; Siena, Italy, 1600. Burden’s, “The Mapping of North America,” 1996, p.165. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division: 2005632133.
Two Ships (17--). LOC Prints and Photographs Division: 2004669452.
Two Ships (17–). LOC Prints and Photographs Division: 2004669452.

It is the 1600s. You and your family plan to sail from England, 
across the Atlantic Ocean, to a new land (wilderness), sight 
unseen. What do you need to take that will last a year while you get settled?

At the top of the list are clothes and food: hogsheads of meal, barrels of pease, and oatmeal.

Suggested household items include, bedding, ironware, 
rugs, wool, linen, canvas, brass, pewter, leather bottles, drinking horns, candles, and soap.

You need seeds to grow your own food. Tools to help build your house and keep up your property include: axes, augers, scythes, shovels and spades, iron and lead, grindstones, barrels of pitch and tar, cables, cordage, chains, and hooks. Add munitions, fishing equipment, farm implements, animals and fodder (and hope there is room on the ship).

“An indentured servant counted on the employer for clothes and food. In 1635 Thomas Moore, on his way to Virginia, took cheese, butter, cloth, staffs, shirts, stockings, and other goods for his indentured servants.”—Alison Games, Migration and the 
Origins of the English Atlantic World, pp. 64–5.

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“Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann”

1766 Connecticut. The Connecticut River, Hartford, Farmington, Waterbury, and Woodbury are shown on this early map. Moses Park and William Petty Lansdowne: Plan of the Colony of Connecticut in North America, 1766. Map: Library of Congress: 73691553/ar102200.
1766 Connecticut, Park & Lansdowne; Library of Congress: 73691553.

Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, The Heritage and Legacy of the Daughters of Two Hannah Hickoks, 1635–1906, presents one branch of the Hickok family as it intertwines through three hundred years of Connecticut and United States history.

The narrative features two first cousins named Hannah Hickok and their daughters. The focus—mainly on Hannah Hickok Smith and her daughters: Abby, Laurilla, Zephina, Cyrinthia, and Julia Smith, in Glastenbury, Connecticut—includes short visits to Hannah Hickok Eldred and her daughter Mary Ann Eldred Austin, in Lumberland, New York.

Brimming with details from 1600 to 1900, Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann connects the influence of the Bible, events, documents, speeches, and people from both Old and New England, with the reoccurring cry against “taxation without representation,” the need for women’s education, the fight against slavery, and the struggle for women to gain the right to vote.

Hannah Hickok Smith and her daughters are highlighted as they interact with notable people in U.S. history, including Lafayette, early advocates for girls’ education, and abolitionist and woman’s rights advocates: William Lloyd Garrison, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone.

In 1874 Abby and Julia Smith (the last of the Smith sisters) were recognized nationally when they confronted their town’s unfair taxes. In articulate letters and speeches the elderly sisters questioned authorities why half the population (women) of the United States could not vote.

Abby and Julia (sometimes sarcastic, but never hateful) recalled principles from both history and the Bible, and used skills they honed during their fight against slavery (with their mother and sisters), to refute, challenge, and scold those in power, to do what was reasonable and right.

Over the next few weeks I plan to post some sidebars from:
“Chapter One: The First Four Hickok Ancestors, William, Joseph, Benjamin, Justus, 1635–1770,” starts with the departure of William Hitchcock from London, on the Plain Joan.

“Chapter Two: Shillings, Scholars, Linen, and Pecks, David Hickok’s Journals, 1769–1775,” includes David’s description of life in South Britain, CT, from his journals.

(Asa Hickok, my direct ancestor and grandfather of Mary Ann Eldred Austin, was David’s brother. Asa was mentioned in David’s journals. Asa arrived in the Town of Lumberland, NY, in 1812, according to Asa’s application for a Revolutionary War pension.)

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Halfway Brook Update, March 2021

Hello Halfway Brook friends,

It has been a long time since I posted, but we are doing ok here in Cave Creek.

Abby, Laurilla, and Mary Ann, the book about my Hickok ancestors (1600–1900), is hopefully in the last stages. The text and some 144 sidebars are completed, as is a 3-page timeline, 2 family trees, endnotes, and index. One map is left and several read throughs to catch the edits which manufactured themselves as the book was written.

I have become the organizer of almost all of my parents’ gazillion family photos and document collection (thanks to my mother saving them). I am currently organizing the Lone Scout letters girls from all over the U.S. wrote to my uncle McKinley (Mac) Austin in January and February 1918, before he left for France to fight in WWI.

This is a partial repost from 2016. I am hoping more people have been researching their relatives and might be interested that their relative wrote a letter, while attending high school. I would love to hear from you if one of these young ladies was your relative. You can leave a comment on this post or contact me at: HalfwayBrook at protonmail dot com

1918-lonescout
Postcard to Mr. M.M. Austin, Co. F. 11 US Inf., Chattanooga, Tenn., from Burl Nation February 26, 1918, 4 p.m.

Lone Scouts

Lone Scout Letters, February 1–5

• Vera M. Allen, Cates, Indiana

• Anna Betsa, Lopez, PA

• Maggie Dempsey, Warrior, Alabama, Route 3

• Flossie Fraser, Gainsboro, Saskatoon, Canada

• Irene Freeland, Indianapolis, Indiana

• Ottie Godsey, Peerless, Indiana

• Helen Hamilton, Chicago, Illinois Continue reading

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